Pearl Turquoise

What are the most used materials Gem? And what is the difference between transparent and translucent?
What are the Gem materials used? And what is the difference between transparent and translucent? According to the Encyclopedia Americana, stone materials more frequently used are: Amber, Beryl, Chrysoberyl, Coral, Corundum, Diamond, Feldspar, Garnet, Hematite, Jade, Lapis Lazuli, Malachite, Opal, Pearl, Peridot, Quartz, Spinel, Spodumene, Topaz, Tourmaline, turquoise and zircon. The Encyclopedia Americana bibliographies in this information are to Date 1947 to 1965, and the Encyclopaedia was owned in 1969. It's 2008 now ... Are there any new state changes here? If no further changes in the list of stone materials often used, what are? Are there new materials discovered? Were some of these materials in the list of frequently used have been removed? If so, what were they? Please help this aspiring mineralogist and gemologist! Please ?????
l http://www.rings-things.com/Gemstone/index.htm Hope this helps. It has a lot information. Click the first letter of the gemstone.